出埃及记21–27章：十个核心问题与答案｜Exodus 21–27: Ten Key Questions and Answers
2026-09-25这份查经材料用十个核心问题，帮助我们理解《出埃及记》21–27章的主要信息。
This Bible study uses ten key questions to help us understand the main message of Exodus 21–27.
主线是：救赎 → 律法 → 圣洁 → 立约 → 血 → 会幕 → 神与人同住 → 基督。
The main line is: Redemption → Law → Holiness → Covenant → Blood → Tabernacle → God dwelling with His people → Christ.
1. 为什么神先把以色列人救出埃及，然后才赐下律法？
1. Why did God save Israel from Egypt before He gave them the law?
答案：
Answer:
因为以色列人不是靠遵守律法换取救恩，而是先蒙神救赎，然后作为神的百姓学习顺服神。
Israel was not saved by keeping the law. God saved them first, and then He taught His people how to obey Him.
改革宗非常重视这个次序：恩典在先，顺服在后；救恩不是行为的奖赏，善行却是蒙恩以后应有的果子。
Reformed theology strongly emphasizes this order: grace comes first, and obedience follows. Salvation is not a reward for works, but good works should follow God's saving grace.
关键经文｜Key Scripture
出埃及记 20:2–3（和合本）
“我是耶和华你的神，曾将你从埃及地为奴之家领出来。除了我以外，你不可有别的神。”
Exodus 20:2–3 (WEB)
“I am Yahweh your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage. You shall have no other gods before me.”
相关经文｜Related Scripture
以弗所书 2:8–10（和合本）
“你们得救是本乎恩，也因着信；这并不是出于自己，乃是神所赐的；也不是出于行为，免得有人自夸。我们原是他的工作，在基督耶稣里造成的，为要叫我们行善，就是神所预备叫我们行的。”
Ephesians 2:8–10 (WEB)
“For by grace you have been saved through faith, and that not of yourselves; it is the gift of God, not of works, that no one would boast. For we are his workmanship, created in Christ Jesus for good works, which God prepared before that we would walk in them.”
2. “以眼还眼，以牙还牙”是什么意思？是在鼓励报复吗？
2. What does “eye for eye, tooth for tooth” mean? Does it encourage revenge?
答案：
Answer:
不是鼓励私人报复，而是在规定公义的比例原则。刑罚应当与造成的伤害相称，不能无限扩大报复。
It does not encourage personal revenge. It teaches a principle of fair and proportional justice. Punishment should fit the harm and should not become unlimited revenge.
关键经文｜Key Scripture
出埃及记 21:23–25（和合本）
“若有别害，就要以命偿命，以眼还眼，以牙还牙，以手还手，以脚还脚，以烙还烙，以伤还伤，以打还打。”
Exodus 21:23–25 (WEB)
“But if any harm follows, then you must take life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, burning for burning, wound for wound, and bruise for bruise.”
相关经文｜Related Scripture
马太福音 5:38–44（和合本）
“你们听见有话说：‘以眼还眼，以牙还牙。’只是我告诉你们，不要与恶人作对。有人打你的右脸，连左脸也转过来由他打；有人想要告你，要拿你的里衣，连外衣也由他拿去；有人强逼你走一里路，你就同他走二里；有求你的，就给他；有向你借贷的，不可推辞。你们听见有话说：‘当爱你的邻舍，恨你的仇敌。’只是我告诉你们，要爱你们的仇敌，为那逼迫你们的祷告。”
Matthew 5:38–44 (WEB)
“You have heard that it was said, ‘An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth.’ But I tell you, don’t resist him who is evil; but whoever strikes you on your right cheek, turn to him the other also. If anyone sues you to take away your coat, let him have your cloak also. Whoever compels you to go one mile, go with him two. Give to him who asks you, and don’t turn away him who desires to borrow from you. You have heard that it was said, ‘You shall love your neighbor and hate your enemy.’ But I tell you, love your enemies, bless those who curse you, do good to those who hate you, and pray for those who mistreat you and persecute you.”
罗马书 12:19（和合本）
“亲爱的弟兄，不要自己伸冤，宁可让步，听凭主怒；因为经上记着：‘主说：伸冤在我，我必报应。’”
Romans 12:19 (WEB)
“Don’t seek revenge yourselves, beloved, but give place to God’s wrath. For it is written, ‘Vengeance belongs to me; I will repay, says the Lord.’”
3. 为什么神特别保护寄居者、寡妇、孤儿和穷人？
3. Why does God especially protect foreigners, widows, orphans, and the poor?
答案：
Answer:
因为这些人在当时的社会中往往缺少保护自己的能力。神禁止祂的百姓利用自己的力量欺压弱者。
These people often had less power to protect themselves. God forbade His people from using their strength to oppress the weak.
神也提醒以色列人：他们自己曾经在埃及作寄居者，也曾经历欺压。蒙神怜悯的人，也应当怜悯别人。
God also reminded Israel that they had once been foreigners in Egypt and had suffered oppression. People who receive God's mercy should show mercy to others.
关键经文｜Key Scripture
出埃及记 22:21–22（和合本）
“不可亏负寄居的，也不可欺压他，因为你们在埃及地也作过寄居的。不可苦待寡妇和孤儿。”
Exodus 22:21–22 (WEB)
“You shall not wrong an alien or oppress him, for you were aliens in the land of Egypt. You shall not take advantage of any widow or fatherless child.”
相关经文｜Related Scripture
申命记 10:17–19（和合本）
“因为耶和华你们的神，他是万神之神，万主之主，至大的神，大有能力，大而可畏，不以貌取人，也不受贿赂。他为孤儿寡妇伸冤，又怜爱寄居的，赐给他衣食。所以你们要怜爱寄居的，因为你们在埃及地也作过寄居的。”
Deuteronomy 10:17–19 (WEB)
“For Yahweh your God, he is God of gods and Lord of lords, the great God, the mighty, and the awesome, who doesn’t respect persons or take bribes. He executes justice for the fatherless and widow and loves the foreigner in giving him food and clothing. Therefore love the foreigner, for you were foreigners in the land of Egypt.”
雅各书 1:27（和合本）
“在神我们的父面前，那清洁没有玷污的虔诚，就是看顾在患难中的孤儿寡妇，并且保守自己不沾染世俗。”
James 1:27 (WEB)
“Pure religion and undefiled before our God and Father is this: to visit the fatherless and widows in their affliction, and to keep oneself unstained by the world.”
4. “不可随众行恶”对今天有什么意义？
4. What does “You shall not follow a crowd to do evil” mean for us today?
答案：
Answer:
多数人赞成，并不能决定一件事情在神面前是否正确。基督徒判断善恶的最终标准不是“大家怎么想”，而是“神怎么说”。
A majority cannot decide whether something is right before God. The final standard for Christians is not “What does everyone think?” but “What has God said?”
关键经文｜Key Scripture
出埃及记 23:2（和合本）
“不可随众行恶；不可在争讼的事上随众偏行，作见证屈枉正直。”
Exodus 23:2 (WEB)
“You shall not follow a crowd to do evil. You shall not testify in court to side with a multitude to pervert justice.”
相关经文｜Related Scripture
罗马书 12:2（和合本）
“不要效法这个世界，只要心意更新而变化，叫你们察验何为神的善良、纯全、可喜悦的旨意。”
Romans 12:2 (WEB)
“Don’t be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind, so that you may prove what is the good, well-pleasing, and perfect will of God.”
使徒行传 5:29（和合本）
“彼得和众使徒回答说：‘顺从神，不顺从人，是应当的。’”
Acts 5:29 (WEB)
“But Peter and the apostles answered, ‘We must obey God rather than men.’”
5. 为什么百姓说“我们都必遵行”，后来却仍然失败？
5. Why did the people say, “We will obey,” but later still fail?
答案：
Answer:
因为问题不仅在外面的律法，也在人的心。神的律法是圣洁、公义、良善的，但罪人不能靠自己的力量完全顺服神。
The problem is not only outside us; it is also in the human heart. God's law is holy, righteous, and good, but sinners cannot perfectly obey God by their own strength.
以色列人在出埃及记24章郑重承诺顺服，但到了32章很快就制造金牛犊。这显明人需要的不只是写在石版上的律法，也需要神赐下新心。
Israel solemnly promised obedience in Exodus 24, but in Exodus 32 they soon made the golden calf. This shows that people need more than law written on stone; they need God to give them a new heart.
关键经文｜Key Scripture
出埃及记 24:7（和合本）
“又将约书念给百姓听。他们说：‘耶和华所吩咐的，我们都必遵行。’”
Exodus 24:7 (WEB)
“He took the book of the covenant and read it in the hearing of the people, and they said, ‘All that Yahweh has spoken we will do, and be obedient.’”
相关经文｜Related Scripture
出埃及记 32:7–8（和合本）
“耶和华吩咐摩西说：‘下去吧，因为你的百姓，就是你从埃及地领出来的，已经败坏了。他们快快偏离了我所吩咐的道，为自己铸了一只牛犊，向它下拜献祭，说：以色列啊，这就是领你出埃及地的神。’”
Exodus 32:7–8 (WEB)
“Yahweh spoke to Moses, ‘Go, get down; for your people, whom you brought up out of the land of Egypt, have corrupted themselves! They have turned away quickly out of the way which I commanded them. They have made themselves a molded calf, and have worshiped it, and have sacrificed to it, and said, “These are your gods, Israel, which brought you up out of the land of Egypt.”’”
耶利米书 31:33（和合本）
“耶和华说：‘那些日子以后，我与以色列家所立的约乃是这样：我要将我的律法放在他们里面，写在他们心上。我要作他们的神，他们要作我的子民。’”
Jeremiah 31:33 (WEB)
“But this is the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel after those days, says Yahweh: I will put my law in their inward parts, and I will write it in their heart. I will be their God, and they shall be my people.”
以西结书 36:26–27（和合本）
“我也要赐给你们一个新心，将新灵放在你们里面；又从你们的肉体中除掉石心，赐给你们肉心。我必将我的灵放在你们里面，使你们顺从我的律例，谨守遵行我的典章。”
Ezekiel 36:26–27 (WEB)
“I will also give you a new heart, and I will put a new spirit within you. I will take away the stony heart out of your flesh, and I will give you a heart of flesh. I will put my Spirit within you, and cause you to walk in my statutes. You will keep my ordinances and do them.”
6. 为什么立约的时候需要血？这与耶稣有什么关系？
6. Why was blood needed for the covenant, and how does this point to Jesus?
答案：
Answer:
罪带来死亡。罪人要与圣洁的神和好，需要赎罪和代替性的牺牲。出埃及记24章的“立约之血”最终指向基督为祂百姓所流的血。
Sin brings death. For sinners to be reconciled to a holy God, atonement and a substitute are needed. The “blood of the covenant” in Exodus 24 ultimately points to the blood Christ shed for His people.
关键经文｜Key Scripture
出埃及记 24:8（和合本）
“摩西将血洒在百姓身上，说：‘你看！这是立约的血，是耶和华按这一切话与你们立约的凭据。’”
Exodus 24:8 (WEB)
“Moses took the blood and sprinkled it on the people and said, ‘Look, this is the blood of the covenant which Yahweh has made with you concerning all these words.’”
马太福音 26:27–28（和合本）
“又拿起杯来，祝谢了，递给他们，说：‘你们都喝这个；因为这是我立约的血，为多人流出来，使罪得赦。’”
Matthew 26:27–28 (WEB)
“He took the cup, gave thanks, and gave to them, saying, ‘All of you drink it, for this is my blood of the new covenant, which is poured out for many for the remission of sins.’”
相关经文｜Related Scripture
希伯来书 9:22（和合本）
“按着律法，凡物差不多都是用血洁净的；若不流血，罪就不得赦免了。”
Hebrews 9:22 (WEB)
“According to the law, nearly everything is cleansed with blood, and apart from shedding of blood there is no remission.”
彼得前书 1:18–19（和合本）
“知道你们得赎，脱去你们祖宗所传流虚妄的行为，不是凭着能坏的金银等物，乃是凭着基督的宝血，如同无瑕疵、无玷污的羔羊之血。”
1 Peter 1:18–19 (WEB)
“Knowing that you were redeemed, not with corruptible things, with silver or gold, from the useless way of life handed down from your fathers, but with precious blood, as of a lamb without blemish or spot, the blood of Christ.”
7. 神为什么命令以色列人建造会幕？
7. Why did God command Israel to build the tabernacle?
答案：
Answer:
会幕最核心的意义不是一个漂亮的宗教建筑，而是圣洁的神愿意住在祂所救赎的百姓中间。
The main meaning of the tabernacle was not a beautiful religious building. It showed that the holy God wanted to dwell among the people He had redeemed.
神不只是把以色列人从埃及带出来，也要把他们带到自己面前，使他们成为祂的百姓。
God did not only bring Israel out of Egypt. He brought them to Himself so that they would be His people.
关键经文｜Key Scripture
出埃及记 25:8（和合本）
“又当为我造圣所，使我可以住在他们中间。”
Exodus 25:8 (WEB)
“Let them make me a sanctuary, that I may dwell among them.”
相关经文｜Related Scripture
出埃及记 29:45–46（和合本）
“我要住在以色列人中间，作他们的神。他们必知道我是耶和华他们的神，是将他们从埃及地领出来的，为要住在他们中间。我是耶和华他们的神。”
Exodus 29:45–46 (WEB)
“I will dwell among the children of Israel, and will be their God. They shall know that I am Yahweh their God, who brought them out of the land of Egypt, that I might dwell among them: I am Yahweh their God.”
约翰福音 1:14（和合本）
“道成了肉身，住在我们中间，充充满满地有恩典有真理。我们也见过他的荣光，正是父独生子的荣光。”
John 1:14 (WEB)
“The Word became flesh and lived among us. We saw his glory, glory as of the one and only Son of the Father, full of grace and truth.”
启示录 21:3（和合本）
“我听见有大声音从宝座出来说：‘看哪，神的帐幕在人间。他要与人同住，他们要作他的子民。神要亲自与他们同在，作他们的神。’”
Revelation 21:3 (WEB)
“I heard a loud voice out of heaven saying, ‘Behold, God’s dwelling is with people, and he will dwell with them, and they will be his people, and God himself will be with them as their God.’”
8. 为什么约柜里面放十诫，上面却是施恩座？
8. Why were the Ten Commandments inside the ark, while the mercy seat was above it?
答案：
Answer:
约柜里面的约版代表神的律法；约柜上面的施恩座是神与祂百姓相会之处。赎罪日，大祭司又把祭牲的血带到施恩座前。
The covenant tablets inside the ark represented God's law. The mercy seat above the ark was the place where God met with His people. On the Day of Atonement, the high priest brought sacrificial blood before the mercy seat.
这形成一个重要的救赎图景：神的律法显明人的罪，而神自己也为罪人设立赎罪之路。
This gives us an important picture of redemption: God's law shows human sin, and God Himself provides the way of atonement for sinners.
关键经文｜Key Scripture
出埃及记 25:21–22（和合本）
“要将施恩座安在柜的上边，又将我所要赐给你的法版放在柜里。我要在那里与你相会，又要从法柜施恩座上二基路伯中间，和你说我所要吩咐你传给以色列人的一切事。”
Exodus 25:21–22 (WEB)
“You shall put the mercy seat on top of the ark, and in the ark you shall put the covenant which I will give you. There I will meet with you, and I will tell you from above the mercy seat, from between the two cherubim which are on the ark of the covenant, all that I command you for the children of Israel.”
相关经文｜Related Scripture
利未记 16:14–16（和合本）
“也要取些公牛的血，用指头弹在施恩座的东面，又在施恩座的前面弹血七次。随后他要宰那为百姓作赎罪祭的公山羊，把羊的血带入幔子内，弹在施恩座的上面和前面，好像弹公牛的血一样。他因以色列人诸般的污秽、过犯，就是他们一切的罪愆，当这样在圣所行赎罪之礼，并因会幕在他们污秽之中，也要照样而行。”
Leviticus 16:14–16 (WEB)
“He shall take some of the blood of the bull, and sprinkle it with his finger on the mercy seat on the east; and before the mercy seat he shall sprinkle some of the blood with his finger seven times. Then he shall kill the goat of the sin offering that is for the people, and bring his blood within the veil, and do with his blood as he did with the blood of the bull, and sprinkle it on the mercy seat and before the mercy seat. He shall make atonement for the Holy Place, because of the uncleannesses of the children of Israel, and because of their transgressions, even all their sins.”
罗马书 3:23–26（和合本）
“因为世人都犯了罪，亏缺了神的荣耀；如今却蒙神的恩典，因基督耶稣的救赎，就白白地称义。神设立耶稣作挽回祭，是凭着耶稣的血，借着人的信，要显明神的义；因为他用忍耐的心宽容人先时所犯的罪，好在今时显明他的义，使人知道他自己为义，也称信耶稣的人为义。”
Romans 3:23–26 (WEB)
“For all have sinned, and fall short of the glory of God; being justified freely by his grace through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus; whom God sent to be an atoning sacrifice, through faith in his blood, for a demonstration of his righteousness through the passing over of prior sins, in God’s forbearance; to demonstrate his righteousness at this present time, that he might himself be just, and the justifier of him who has faith in Jesus.”
9. 为什么有圣所、至圣所和幔子？为什么人不能随便来到神面前？
9. Why were there the Holy Place, the Most Holy Place, and the veil? Why could people not freely enter God's presence?
答案：
Answer:
因为神是圣洁的，人是有罪的。幔子显明罪使人与神隔绝。
Because God is holy and humans are sinful. The veil showed the separation caused by sin.
耶稣死的时候，圣殿的幔子从上到下裂为两半。借着基督的血，属祂的人现在可以来到神面前。
When Jesus died, the temple veil was torn in two from top to bottom. Through Christ's blood, His people can now come into God's presence.
关键经文｜Key Scripture
出埃及记 26:33（和合本）
“要使幔子垂在钩子下，把法柜抬进幔子内；这幔子要将圣所和至圣所隔开。”
Exodus 26:33 (WEB)
“You shall hang up the veil under the clasps, and shall bring the ark of the covenant in there within the veil. The veil shall separate the Holy Place from the Most Holy for you.”
相关经文｜Related Scripture
马太福音 27:50–51（和合本）
“耶稣又大声喊叫，气就断了。忽然，殿里的幔子从上到下裂为两半，地也震动，磐石也崩裂。”
Matthew 27:50–51 (WEB)
“Jesus cried again with a loud voice, and yielded up his spirit. Behold, the veil of the temple was torn in two from the top to the bottom. The earth quaked and the rocks were split.”
希伯来书 10:19–22（和合本）
“弟兄们，我们既因耶稣的血得以坦然进入至圣所，是借着他给我们开了一条又新又活的路，从幔子经过，这幔子就是他的身体；又有一位大祭司治理神的家；并我们心中天良的亏欠已经洒去，身体用清水洗净了，就当存着诚心和充足的信心来到神面前。”
Hebrews 10:19–22 (WEB)
“Having therefore, brothers, boldness to enter into the holy place by the blood of Jesus, by the way which he dedicated for us, a new and living way, through the veil, that is to say, his flesh; and having a great priest over God’s house, let’s draw near with a true heart in fullness of faith, having our hearts sprinkled from an evil conscience, and having our body washed with pure water.”
10. 为什么需要祭坛、祭牲和流血？这些怎样指向基督？
10. Why were an altar, sacrifices, and blood needed? How do they point to Christ?
答案：
Answer:
罪的工价乃是死。旧约的献祭不断提醒以色列人：罪是严重的，赦罪需要赎罪和代替。
The wages of sin is death. Old Testament sacrifices continually reminded Israel that sin is serious and that forgiveness requires atonement and substitution.
但是牛羊的血不能最终除掉人的罪。因此这些祭物不是终点，而是指向那真正的祭物——耶稣基督。
But the blood of bulls and goats could not finally remove human sin. These sacrifices were not the final answer. They pointed to the true sacrifice—Jesus Christ.
关键经文｜Key Scripture
利未记 17:11（和合本）
“因为活物的生命是在血中。我把这血赐给你们，可以在坛上为你们的生命赎罪；因血里有生命，所以能赎罪。”
Leviticus 17:11 (WEB)
“For the life of the flesh is in the blood. I have given it to you on the altar to make atonement for your souls; for it is the blood that makes atonement by reason of the life.”
相关经文｜Related Scripture
希伯来书 10:4（和合本）
“因为公牛和山羊的血，断不能除罪。”
Hebrews 10:4 (WEB)
“For it is impossible that the blood of bulls and goats should take away sins.”
约翰福音 1:29（和合本）
“次日，约翰看见耶稣来到他那里，就说：‘看哪，神的羔羊，除去世人罪孽的！’”
John 1:29 (WEB)
“The next day, he saw Jesus coming to him, and said, ‘Behold, the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world!’”
希伯来书 10:10–14（和合本）
“我们凭这旨意，靠耶稣基督只一次献上他的身体，就得以成圣。凡祭司天天站着事奉神，屡次献上一样的祭物，这祭物永不能除罪。但基督献了一次永远的赎罪祭，就在神的右边坐下了。从此，等候他仇敌成了他的脚凳。因为他一次献祭，便叫那得以成圣的人永远完全。”
Hebrews 10:10–14 (WEB)
“By that will, we have been sanctified through the offering of the body of Jesus Christ once for all. Every priest indeed stands day by day serving and often offering the same sacrifices, which can never take away sins, but he, when he had offered one sacrifice for sins forever, sat down on the right hand of God, from that time waiting until his enemies are made the footstool of his feet. For by one offering he has perfected forever those who are being sanctified.”
总结｜Summary
为什么神救了以色列以后，又给他们律法、约、祭坛、血和会幕？
Why did God give Israel the law, covenant, altar, blood, and tabernacle after He saved them?
神先用恩典救赎祂的百姓，然后教导他们圣洁地生活。
God first redeems His people by grace, and then teaches them to live holy lives.
但是罪人不能凭自己来到圣洁的神面前，因此神设立约、祭牲、血和会幕。
But sinners cannot come to a holy God by themselves, so God established the covenant, sacrifices, blood, and the tabernacle.
这些不是最终的救恩，而是在救赎历史中逐渐把人带向那位真正的中保——耶稣基督。
These were not the final salvation. In the history of redemption, they gradually point us to the true Mediator—Jesus Christ.
救赎 → 律法 → 圣洁 → 立约 → 血 → 会幕 → 神与人同住 → 基督。
Redemption → Law → Holiness → Covenant → Blood → Tabernacle → God dwelling with His people → Christ.
启示录 21:3（和合本）
“我听见有大声音从宝座出来说：‘看哪，神的帐幕在人间。他要与人同住，他们要作他的子民。神要亲自与他们同在，作他们的神。’”
Revelation 21:3 (WEB)
“I heard a loud voice out of heaven saying, ‘Behold, God’s dwelling is with people, and he will dwell with them, and they will be his people, and God himself will be with them as their God.’”